Analog Modulation (AM/FM/PM)

1. Conceptual Intuition (L1)

• Embedding information (Audio) onto a Carrier.
• AM vs FM: Varying amplitude vs varying frequency.
• The "Capture Effect" in FM.

2. Engineering Math (L2)

• Modulation Index ($\beta$).
• Carson's Bandwidth Rule ($BW \approx 2(\Delta f + f_m)$).
• Bessel Functions determining sideband amplitudes in FM.

3. System Application (L3)

• Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis (Noise reduction).
• FM Threshold Effect (The cliff).
• SSB (Single Sideband) efficiency.

Interactive Component: Dual Domain Viewer

• Description: Watch the spectrum grow as you modulate.
• Controls: Carrier/Mod Freq, Modulation Index.